Coordinators
Coordinators connect elements of equal importance.
S + V , but
S + V
(and, but, so, or, nor, for*, yet)
S + V and V
S and S + V
N and N
Adj. and Adj.
Phrase and Phrase
Can be used in a series: A, B, C, or D
Subordinators
Subordinators connect elements of unequal importance. One clause is not as
strong as the other.
S + V although S + V
(although, even though, because, since*,
when, while, before*, after*, whenever,
wherever*, if, unless, whether?[or not]
as, as [adjective] as, so that, whereas
anywhere*, anytime*)
Although S + V , S + V
Sentence Connectors
Sentence Connectors connect paragraphs or show relationship between very
different ideas.
S + V . However, S + V
(however, therefore, thus, moreover,
nevertheless, first*, then*, next*, still*
S + V ; however, S + V
besides, consequently, furthermore)
Prepositions
Prepositions show relationship among elements of a sentence.
They are followed by noun phrases only and cannot take on a S + V.
S + V (prep. phrase)
(during, after*, before*, in, on, at
despite, in spite of, for*, since*, by
(Prep. phrase), S + V
like, except, but*, about, to*, from
between [A and B], among, with
(Prep. phrase) V + S (unusual)
within, without, beside, near, next to)
* These words have more than one function.
2009년 6월 5일 금요일
Basic Sentence Structure
There are five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built.* They are
as follows:
S-V
Subject-Verb
John sleeps.
Jill is eating.
Jack will arrive next week.
S-V-O
Subject-Verb-Object
I like rice.
She loves her job.
He's eating an orange.
S-V-Adj
Subject-Verb-Adjective
He is funny.
The workers are lazy.
Karen seems angry.
S-V-Adv
Subject-Verb-Adverb
Jim is here.
Flowers are everywhere.
No one was there.
S-V-N
Subject-Verb-Noun
She is my mom.
The men are doctors.
Mr. Jones is the teacher.
At the heart of every English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements can be added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V pattern.
She sleeps.
Core sentence
She sleeps soundly.
An adverb is added to describe how she sleeps.
She sleeps on the sofa.
A prepositional phrase is added to tell where she sleeps.
She sleeps every afternoon.
A time expression is added to tell when she sleeps.
She is sleeping right now.
Verb tense is changed, but S-V relationship remains the same.
Mary will sleep later.
Subject is named and another tense is used.
The dogs are sleeping in the garage.
New subject may require a different form of the verb.
Note: Any action verb can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-O pattern.
They like rice.
Core sentence
The people like rice.
Specific subject
The friendly people like rice.
Subject modified with an adjective
The people in the restaurant like rice.
Subject modified with a prepositional phrase
The people like boiled rice.
Object modified with an adjective
The people like hot, white rice.
Object modified with more than one adjective
Note: Only transitive action verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adj pattern.
He is fine.
Basic sentence with "be" verb
He seems happy.
Basic sentence with another linking verb
Jordan is tall, dark and handsome.
Series of adjectives
He appears very comfortable.
Adverb or intensifier added
George became sick last night.
Different tense and linking verb
Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adv pattern.
The teacher is here.
Basic sentence
The teacher is over there.
Using an adverb phrase
Teachers are everywhere.
Plural noun and verb used
The teachers are in the lobby.
Prepositional phrase functioning as adverb
Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-N pattern.
The man is a doctor.
Basic sentence
The women are doctors.
Using plural noun and verb
My father is a nice guy.
Modified subject and complement
My grandparents are senior citizens.
Modified plural subject and complement
Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
*Other, less common structures are dealt with in another unit.
as follows:
S-V
Subject-Verb
John sleeps.
Jill is eating.
Jack will arrive next week.
S-V-O
Subject-Verb-Object
I like rice.
She loves her job.
He's eating an orange.
S-V-Adj
Subject-Verb-Adjective
He is funny.
The workers are lazy.
Karen seems angry.
S-V-Adv
Subject-Verb-Adverb
Jim is here.
Flowers are everywhere.
No one was there.
S-V-N
Subject-Verb-Noun
She is my mom.
The men are doctors.
Mr. Jones is the teacher.
At the heart of every English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements can be added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V pattern.
She sleeps.
Core sentence
She sleeps soundly.
An adverb is added to describe how she sleeps.
She sleeps on the sofa.
A prepositional phrase is added to tell where she sleeps.
She sleeps every afternoon.
A time expression is added to tell when she sleeps.
She is sleeping right now.
Verb tense is changed, but S-V relationship remains the same.
Mary will sleep later.
Subject is named and another tense is used.
The dogs are sleeping in the garage.
New subject may require a different form of the verb.
Note: Any action verb can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-O pattern.
They like rice.
Core sentence
The people like rice.
Specific subject
The friendly people like rice.
Subject modified with an adjective
The people in the restaurant like rice.
Subject modified with a prepositional phrase
The people like boiled rice.
Object modified with an adjective
The people like hot, white rice.
Object modified with more than one adjective
Note: Only transitive action verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adj pattern.
He is fine.
Basic sentence with "be" verb
He seems happy.
Basic sentence with another linking verb
Jordan is tall, dark and handsome.
Series of adjectives
He appears very comfortable.
Adverb or intensifier added
George became sick last night.
Different tense and linking verb
Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adv pattern.
The teacher is here.
Basic sentence
The teacher is over there.
Using an adverb phrase
Teachers are everywhere.
Plural noun and verb used
The teachers are in the lobby.
Prepositional phrase functioning as adverb
Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-N pattern.
The man is a doctor.
Basic sentence
The women are doctors.
Using plural noun and verb
My father is a nice guy.
Modified subject and complement
My grandparents are senior citizens.
Modified plural subject and complement
Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.
*Other, less common structures are dealt with in another unit.
Commonly used American Slangs
http://www.manythings.org/slang/
http://www.eslgold.com/idioms/slang_expressions.html
Idiomatic Expressions Tests
http://www.eslgold.com/idioms/general.html
Phrasal Verbs
http://www.eslgold.com/idioms/phrasal_verbs.html
http://www.eslgold.com/idioms/slang_expressions.html
Idiomatic Expressions Tests
http://www.eslgold.com/idioms/general.html
Phrasal Verbs
http://www.eslgold.com/idioms/phrasal_verbs.html
Testing Idioms
What to test
Knowledge of Idioms
Usage of Idioms
How to test
Matching (meaning or definition)
Fill in the blank
Sentence creation
Situation/Response
Knowledge of Idioms
Usage of Idioms
How to test
Matching (meaning or definition)
Fill in the blank
Sentence creation
Situation/Response
Teaching Idioms (By Michael Berman in ELTNewsletter)
Understanding words that go together
General idioms
Common slang
Phrasal verbs
Collocations
Proverbs and sayings
Teaching in context
Exposure
Explanation
Example
Exercise
Experience
Definitions
From native speakers
Specialized dictionaries
Having an ear for idioms and phrases
Listening for phrases
Social situations
Media and entertainment
Keeping a list
Appropriateness
Formality
Culture
General idioms
Common slang
Phrasal verbs
Collocations
Proverbs and sayings
Teaching in context
Exposure
Explanation
Example
Exercise
Experience
Definitions
From native speakers
Specialized dictionaries
Having an ear for idioms and phrases
Listening for phrases
Social situations
Media and entertainment
Keeping a list
Appropriateness
Formality
Culture
Tips for Teaching - Idioms
General Idioms
Focus on defining and giving examples of common idioms used in everyday speech
Types of Materials: Texts which define and give examples of a variety of idioms
Phrasal Verbs
Focus on defining and giving examples of phrasal verbs in context
Types of Materials: Texts and lists highlighting contextualized phrasal verbs
Slang and Expressions
Focus on slang, commonly used expressions and idiomatic speech
Types of Materials: Texts highlighting common idiomatic expressions
Proverbs and Sayings
Focus on common sentences and traditional words of wisdom
Types of Materials: Texts highlighting proverbs and their meanings
Collocations
Focus on showing how some words are commonly used in set phrases
Types of Materials: Texts which highlight common phrases of words
Focus on defining and giving examples of common idioms used in everyday speech
Types of Materials: Texts which define and give examples of a variety of idioms
Phrasal Verbs
Focus on defining and giving examples of phrasal verbs in context
Types of Materials: Texts and lists highlighting contextualized phrasal verbs
Slang and Expressions
Focus on slang, commonly used expressions and idiomatic speech
Types of Materials: Texts highlighting common idiomatic expressions
Proverbs and Sayings
Focus on common sentences and traditional words of wisdom
Types of Materials: Texts highlighting proverbs and their meanings
Collocations
Focus on showing how some words are commonly used in set phrases
Types of Materials: Texts which highlight common phrases of words
2009년 6월 3일 수요일
ESL Resources
http://www.eslgold.com/toefl/teaching.html
toeic vocabulary test
http://www.english-test.net/toeic/vocabulary/words/018/toeic-test.php
toeic vocabulary test
http://www.english-test.net/toeic/vocabulary/words/018/toeic-test.php
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